Ch. 3 - Role
1.The quality of ego’s role enactment in a relationship positively affects ego’s satisfaction with the relationship
–E.g. You are more satisfied with a class/relationship if you are doing a good job in your role of student/partnerThe greater the perceived clarity of role expectations, the higher the quality of role enactment
2.The greater the perceived clarity of role expectations, the higher the quality of role enactment (p.74)
–E.g. It’s easier to perform the role of friend in a socially acceptable way if the role of ‘friend’ is clearly defined
3. The greater the diversification of roles > the less consensus the person will perceive in the expectation about those roles > the greater the role strain
1.Structural approach (Kuhn, 1964) (role theorists)
•Social roles are learned and enacted by people when they occupy social positions
–Position/status associated with social norms/expectations
–Scripts for roles passed down from society
–Role performance depends on adequacy of socialization
–Normative content of roles change very little
–Criticism: adaptive nature of humans lost
2.Interactional Approach (Blumer)
•Patterns developed through interaction
–Society provides a broad outline for behavior
–Individuals “make” the role through interaction and context
•Emphasizes problem solving dimension of roles
•Society/culture created by interacting actors
Phenomology examines schemas (instant categorization)
Symbols: make socialization happen, help us share culture, communicate > cooperate, maintain past knowledge.
Ch. 4 - Interdependence
OUTCOMES
--Reflexive control: individual controls own outcomes
--Fate control: individual’s outcomes influenced by actions of partner (also see Sabatelli, p. 392)
--Behavior control: joint/dyadic control - individuals’ outcomes influenced by own outcomes in concert with partner outcomes
•Correspondence/non-correspondence
–When each partner wants same/different outcome
Conflict of interest in non-correspondence
Given matrix
• Based on direct, self-interested preferences
–Reflexive control (own)
–Problem/question of exchange
Effective matrix
–Behavior control (joint; dyad)
–Problem/question of coordination
–Preferences shaped by more than self-interest
–*Process = transformation of motivation*
»Departure from gut level and promoting broader goals (partner)
•1. Max Own –No transformation (given matrix); individualism
2. Max Joint – Cooperation
3. Max Other – Altruism
SOCIAL EXCHANGE & INTERDEPENDENCE
•Similarities?
–A LOT
–E.g., rewards, costs, outcomes, CL, CLalt, etc.
•Differences?
–Exchange = exchange
–Interdependence includes coordination; process of transformations of motivation
•Focus on relationship or interdependence between partners
• Dyad or couples are important
• Possibility of altruism (Max Other)
SACRIFICE
•Passive = like and give up
•Active = do but dislike
•If sacrifices done for:
–Approach motives (enhance intimacy), positive outcomes (Impett)
–Avoidance motives (avoid conflict) less positive outcomes (Impett)
Ch. 5 - identity
William James - The Self
1. Its constituents:
(a) The material Self; (b) The social Self; (c) The spiritual Self; and (d) The pure Ego.
a - body, clothes, home, immediate family's well-being, property
b- social recognition and acknowledgment, fame, honor
'a man has as many social selves as there are individuals who recognize him'
2. The feelings and emotions they arouse, -- Self-feelings: self-complacency and self-dissatisfaction
3. The actions to which they prompt, -- Self-seeking and Self-preservation:
bodily self-seeking, those of social self-seeking, and those of spiritual self-seeking
James - Our self esteem can either be increased by increasing our successes or lowering our aspirations.
Cooley- "Looking Glass Self"
"As we see our face, figure, and dress in the glass, and are interested in them because they are ours, and pleased or otherwise with them according as they do or do not answer to what we should like them to be, so in imagination we perceive in another's mind some thought of our appearance, manners, aims, deeds, character, friends, and so on, and are variously affected by it."
1.The imagination of our appearance to the other person
2.The imagination of his judgment of that appearance
3.Self-feeling, such as pride or mortification
Since Cooley thinks society and identity is twin born, there is no sense of "I" without "they”. Therefore, he believes that you can't describe yourself without seeing yourself in relation to the others in society.
Self and Mind
–Mead (1934) – self, mind and symbol develop concurrently
Since he believes society precedes individual, self-consciousness is a result of a socialization process in which the individual tries to see herself through the eyes of others and determine which actions to take accordingly. Self-esteem stems from how well you have performed in normative fields and how revered you are by other people.
Prep > Play > Game
Three categories of action an individual takes toward self
1. Self-communication:
the actor talks to self as an object, by praising or criticizing mentally
2. Self–perception:
assessment of our own actions
self-concept (trait)
self-judgment (positive/negative; self-esteem)
identity - a) Basic (age, sex), b) General (roles – e.g. father, mother), c) Independent (e.g. soccer player)
3. Self-control
